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| Filename extension | |
|---|---|
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.mach-o-binary |
| Developed by | Carnegie Mellon University, Apple Inc. |
| Type of format | Binary, executable, object, shared libraries, core dump |
| Container for | ARM, SPARC, PA-RISC, PowerPC and x86executable code, memory image dumps |
Mach-O, short for Machobject file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code, and core dumps. A replacement for the a.out format, Mach-O offers more extensibility and faster access to information in the symbol table.[citation needed]
Mach-O is used by most systems based on the Mach kernel. NeXTSTEP, macOS, and iOS are examples of systems that use this format for native executables, libraries and object code.
Mach-O file layout[edit]
Each Mach-O file is made up of one Mach-O header, followed by a series of load commands, followed by one or more segments, each of which contains between 0 and 255 sections. Mach-O uses the REL relocation format to handle references to symbols. When looking up symbols Mach-O uses a two-level namespace that encodes each symbol into an 'object/symbol name' pair that is then linearly searched for, first by the object and then the symbol name.[1]
The basic structure—a list of variable-length 'load commands' that reference pages of data elsewhere in the file[2]—was also used in the executable file format for Accent.[citation needed] The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.[citation needed]
Multi-architecture binaries[edit]
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Under NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, macOS, and iOS, multiple Mach-O files can be combined in a multi-architecture binary. This allows a single binary file to contain code to support multiple instruction set architectures. For example, a multi-architecture binary for iOS can have 7 instruction set architectures, namely ARMv6 (for iPhone, 3G and 1st / 2nd generation iPod touch), ARMv7 (for iPhone 3GS, 4, 4S, iPad, 2, 3rd generation and 3rd–5th generation iPod touch), ARMv7s (for iPhone 5 and iPad (4th generation)), ARMv8-A A64 also known as arm64 (for iPhone 5S to iPhone X), ARMv8.3-A A64 also known as arm64e (for iPhone XS and MacBook Air (M1)), x86 (for iPhone simulator on 32-bit machines), and x86_64 (64-bit simulator).[citation needed]
Minimum OS version[edit]
With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6 platform the Mach-O file underwent a significant modification that causes binaries compiled on a computer running 10.6 or later to be (by default) executable only on computers running Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The difference stems from load commands that the dynamic linker, in previous Mac OS X versions, does not understand. Another significant change to the Mach-O format is the change in how the Link Edit tables (found in the __LINKEDIT section) function. In 10.6 these new Link Edit tables are compressed by removing unused and unneeded bits of information, however Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier cannot read this new Link Edit table format. To make backwards-compatible executables, the linker flag '-mmacosx-version-min=' can be used.
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Other implementations[edit]
Some versions of NetBSD have had Mach-O support added as part of an implementation of binary compatibility, which allowed some Mac OS 10.3 binaries to be executed.[3][4]
For Linux, a Mach-O loader was written by Shinichiro Hamaji[5] that can load 10.6 binaries. As a more extensive solution based on this loader, the Darling Project aims at providing a complete environment allowing OS X applications to run on Linux.
For the Ruby programming language, the ruby-macho[6] library provides an implementation of a Mach-O binary parser and editor.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference'. Apple Inc. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^Avadis Tevanian, Jr.; Richard F. Rashid; Michael W. Young; David B. Golub; Mary R. Thompson; William Bolosky; Richard Sanzi. 'A Unix Interface for Shared Memory and Memory Mapped Files Under Mach': 8.Cite journal requires
journal=(help) - ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (June 20, 2006). 'Mach and Darwin binary compatiblity [sic] for NetBSD/powerpc and NetBSD/i386'. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (September 2004), Mac OS X binary compatibility on NetBSD: challenges and implementation(PDF)
- ^Shinichiro Hamaji, Mach-O loader for Linux - I wrote...
- ^William Woodruff, A pure-Ruby library for parsing Mach-O files.
External links[edit]
- OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (Apple Inc.)
Mach-O(5)– Darwin and macOS File Formats Manual- Mach Object Files (NEXTSTEP documentation)
| Filename extension | |
|---|---|
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.mach-o-binary |
| Developed by | Carnegie Mellon University, Apple Inc. |
| Type of format | Binary, executable, object, shared libraries, core dump |
| Container for | ARM, SPARC, PA-RISC, PowerPC and x86executable code, memory image dumps |
Mach-O, short for Machobject file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code, and core dumps. A replacement for the a.out format, Mach-O offers more extensibility and faster access to information in the symbol table.[citation needed]
Mach-O is used by most systems based on the Mach kernel. NeXTSTEP, macOS, and iOS are examples of systems that use this format for native executables, libraries and object code.
Mach-O file layout[edit]
Each Mach-O file is made up of one Mach-O header, followed by a series of load commands, followed by one or more segments, each of which contains between 0 and 255 sections. Mach-O uses the REL relocation format to handle references to symbols. When looking up symbols Mach-O uses a two-level namespace that encodes each symbol into an 'object/symbol name' pair that is then linearly searched for, first by the object and then the symbol name.[1]
The basic structure—a list of variable-length 'load commands' that reference pages of data elsewhere in the file[2]—was also used in the executable file format for Accent.[citation needed] The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.[citation needed]
Multi-architecture binaries[edit]
Under NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, macOS, and iOS, multiple Mach-O files can be combined in a multi-architecture binary. This allows a single binary file to contain code to support multiple instruction set architectures. For example, a multi-architecture binary for iOS can have 7 instruction set architectures, namely ARMv6 (for iPhone, 3G and 1st / 2nd generation iPod touch), ARMv7 (for iPhone 3GS, 4, 4S, iPad, 2, 3rd generation and 3rd–5th generation iPod touch), ARMv7s (for iPhone 5 and iPad (4th generation)), ARMv8-A A64 also known as arm64 (for iPhone 5S to iPhone X), ARMv8.3-A A64 also known as arm64e (for iPhone XS and MacBook Air (M1)), x86 (for iPhone simulator on 32-bit machines), and x86_64 (64-bit simulator).[citation needed]
Minimum OS version[edit]
With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6 platform the Mach-O file underwent a significant modification that causes binaries compiled on a computer running 10.6 or later to be (by default) executable only on computers running Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The difference stems from load commands that the dynamic linker, in previous Mac OS X versions, does not understand. Another significant change to the Mach-O format is the change in how the Link Edit tables (found in the __LINKEDIT section) function. In 10.6 these new Link Edit tables are compressed by removing unused and unneeded bits of information, however Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier cannot read this new Link Edit table format. To make backwards-compatible executables, the linker flag '-mmacosx-version-min=' can be used.
Other implementations[edit]
Some versions of NetBSD have had Mach-O support added as part of an implementation of binary compatibility, which allowed some Mac OS 10.3 binaries to be executed.[3][4]
For Linux, a Mach-O loader was written by Shinichiro Hamaji[5] that can load 10.6 binaries. As a more extensive solution based on this loader, the Darling Project aims at providing a complete environment allowing OS X applications to run on Linux.
For the Ruby programming language, the ruby-macho[6] library provides an implementation of a Mach-O binary parser and editor.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference'. Apple Inc. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^Avadis Tevanian, Jr.; Richard F. Rashid; Michael W. Young; David B. Golub; Mary R. Thompson; William Bolosky; Richard Sanzi. 'A Unix Interface for Shared Memory and Memory Mapped Files Under Mach': 8.Cite journal requires
journal=(help) - ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (June 20, 2006). 'Mach and Darwin binary compatiblity [sic] for NetBSD/powerpc and NetBSD/i386'. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (September 2004), Mac OS X binary compatibility on NetBSD: challenges and implementation(PDF)
- ^Shinichiro Hamaji, Mach-O loader for Linux - I wrote...
- ^William Woodruff, A pure-Ruby library for parsing Mach-O files.
External links[edit]
Manchester Airport Simulator Mac Os 7
- OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (Apple Inc.)
Mach-O(5)– Darwin and macOS File Formats Manual- Mach Object Files (NEXTSTEP documentation)