• Hosts File Mac Os X
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• Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7) is the eighth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. A preview of Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was publicly shown at the 'Back to the Mac' Apple Special Event on October 20, 2010.
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• Your Mac's hosts file is a small but important text document that has the ability to map hostnames to specified IP addresses. While the modern Internet uses a variety of public and private DNS.

Active computer users are probably already familiar with the Hosts file that contains network information. Through this file you can block access from your computer to a particular website, or make other changes to the access of your computer to a certain IP address. Despite the fact that Mac Os is a system that is pretty much closed from user interference, it has a file named Hosts that can be edited. At the same time, editing here is not at all more difficult than on Windows, and within the framework of this article we will tell you how to do this.

How to open and edit hosts via “terminal”

The easiest way to access Host file editing is to use a command line, which in Mac OS is called “Terminal”. You can run “Terminal” utility through the Finder, it is located in the list of standard programs of the operating system, or you can just use a search and type its name.

“Terminal” is running and now you need tostart editing the Host file. To do so you will need to enter and execute the following command:

After activating this command, you will also need to enter the administrator’s password for the computer, because intervention in Hosts file is quite serious, and if this file is edited incorrectly, you may experience problems accessing certain websites on the Internet.

After entering the right password, you will be able to see the Host file contents that can be edited by a user. When editing the file through “Terminal” your mouse will not work, so you will have to move between the lines of this file only with the help of your keyboard. Enter the changes you would like to make in the Hosts file. To save all changes in this file, you will need to press Ctrl + X on your keyboard. Next you are going to see a message asking you to confirm whether you want to change Hosts or no, confirm the action with “Y” button.

How to open and edit hosts via finder

The second way to access Hosts and edit the file involves using the standard Finder. This way, you can open the Hosts file and edit it in any text editor, so this option may be preferable in a number of cases.

To open Hosts through the Finder you need to right-click on the lower menu on the Finder and select “Go to Folder”.

Then there will open a window and in this window you need to enter a path to the folder you want to go to. Enter the following address:

And click “Go.”

There will open a system folder in which the Hosts file is located. To start editing it, you need to right-click on it and select the editor that you would prefer to work with (you can use the standard TextEdit).

In the window that opens, you can edit the Hosts file just like any other file in a text editor. But the Hosts system file is protected from editing. After you try to make changes to it, you will see a message with suggestion to create a duplicated file. Click “Duplicate”. After that the second file will form on the basis of the first one.

Next, you will need to make all necessary changes to the new created file and save it in a convenient place, for example, on the desktop. When saving, select the .txt resolution (same resolution that the original Hosts file has). Now your new file is saved and you will need to just replace the old file in the system folder. To do this, drag the new file to the folder where the old Hosts is located and click “Replace” when the corresponding message appears. As a result of these actions, the old Hosts file will be deleted, and the new one will be used by the system instead.

How to apply hosts file changes

Some changes that are made in the Hosts file are not perceived by the system at once and, accordingly, do not work. For the changes to take effect, you need to update the DNS cache. This can be done using the terminal with the command:

After executing this command, the Hosts file will be read by the system again, and all the changes that were made to it will be reflected on the computer’s operation.

Mach-O, short for Machobject file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code, and core dumps. A replacement for the a.out format, Mach-O offers more extensibility and faster access to information in the symbol table.^{[citation needed]}

Mach-O is used by most systems based on the Mach kernel. NeXTSTEP, macOS, and iOS are examples of systems that use this format for native executables, libraries and object code.

Mach-O file layout[edit]

Each Mach-O file is made up of one Mach-O header, followed by a series of load commands, followed by one or more segments, each of which contains between 0 and 255 sections. Mach-O uses the REL relocation format to handle references to symbols. When looking up symbols Mach-O uses a two-level namespace that encodes each symbol into an 'object/symbol name' pair that is then linearly searched for, first by the object and then the symbol name.^[1]

The basic structure—a list of variable-length 'load commands' that reference pages of data elsewhere in the file^[2]—was also used in the executable file format for Accent.^{[citation needed]} The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.^{[citation needed]}

Multi-architecture binaries[edit]

Under NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, macOS, and iOS, multiple Mach-O files can be combined in a multi-architecture binary. This allows a single binary file to contain code to support multiple instruction set architectures. For example, a multi-architecture binary for iOS can have 7 instruction set architectures, namely ARMv6 (for iPhone, 3G and 1st / 2nd generation iPod touch), ARMv7 (for iPhone 3GS, 4, 4S, iPad, 2, 3rd generation and 3rd–5th generation iPod touch), ARMv7s (for iPhone 5 and iPad (4th generation)), ARMv8-A A64 also known as arm64 (for iPhone 5S to iPhone X), ARMv8.3-A A64 also known as arm64e (for iPhone XS and MacBook Air (M1)), x86 (for iPhone simulator on 32-bit machines), and x86_64 (64-bit simulator).^{[citation needed]}

Minimum OS version[edit]

With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6 platform the Mach-O file underwent a significant modification that causes binaries compiled on a computer running 10.6 or later to be (by default) executable only on computers running Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The difference stems from load commands that the dynamic linker, in previous Mac OS X versions, does not understand. Another significant change to the Mach-O format is the change in how the Link Edit tables (found in the __LINKEDIT section) function. In 10.6 these new Link Edit tables are compressed by removing unused and unneeded bits of information, however Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier cannot read this new Link Edit table format. To make backwards-compatible executables, the linker flag '-mmacosx-version-min=' can be used.

Other implementations[edit]

Some versions of NetBSD have had Mach-O support added as part of an implementation of binary compatibility, which allowed some Mac OS 10.3 binaries to be executed.^[3][4]

For Linux, a Mach-O loader was written by Shinichiro Hamaji^[5] that can load 10.6 binaries. As a more extensive solution based on this loader, the Darling Project aims at providing a complete environment allowing OS X applications to run on Linux.

For the Ruby programming language, the ruby-macho^[6] library provides an implementation of a Mach-O binary parser and editor.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Hosts File Mac Os X

1. ^'OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference'. Apple Inc. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
2. ^Avadis Tevanian, Jr.; Richard F. Rashid; Michael W. Young; David B. Golub; Mary R. Thompson; William Bolosky; Richard Sanzi. 'A Unix Interface for Shared Memory and Memory Mapped Files Under Mach': 8.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
3. ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (June 20, 2006). 'Mach and Darwin binary compatiblity [sic] for NetBSD/powerpc and NetBSD/i386'. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
4. ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (September 2004), Mac OS X binary compatibility on NetBSD: challenges and implementation(PDF)
5. ^Shinichiro Hamaji, Mach-O loader for Linux - I wrote...
6. ^William Woodruff, A pure-Ruby library for parsing Mach-O files.

External links[edit]

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• OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (Apple Inc.)
• Mach-O(5) – Darwin and macOS File Formats Manual
• Mach Object Files (NEXTSTEP documentation)

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